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1 cellular production
Ops -
2 Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy-содействие в производстве клеточных препаратов (название услуги , которую предоставляет Национальный Институт Сердца , Легких и Крови , США , будучи в данном случае контрольной инс
General subject: PACTУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy-содействие в производстве клеточных препаратов (название услуги , которую предоставляет Национальный Институт Сердца , Легких и Крови , США , будучи в данном случае контрольной инс
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3 Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy-содействие в производстве клеточных препаратов
General subject: (название услуги, которую предоставляет Национальный Институт Сердца, Легких и Крови, США, будучи в данном случае контрольной инс PACTУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy-содействие в производстве клеточных препаратов
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4 group technology
Opsthe practice of gathering operations and resources for the manufacture of specific components or products into groups or cells with the goal of simplifying manufacturing operations. Group technology is an attempt to take advantage of the benefits of both batch production and flow production. Similar tasks or products are identified and are grouped into families. This requires a robust coding or classification scheme. The manufacturing resources, including workers, for each family are then grouped together into cells. The sense of ownership encouraged by such organization has resulted in benefits including improved quality, productivity, and motivation of employees, as well as reductions in work in progress, inventory, and materials movement. -
5 гибкая производственная система
cellular arrangement, FMT cell, flexible machining center, flexible manufacturing facility, FMS line, FMS setup, cell-type system, cellular manufacturing system, flexible automated manufacturing system, flexible manufacturing system, FMS-type production system, routing-flexible system, FMS workcellРусско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > гибкая производственная система
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6 ячеечное производство
Production: cellular manufacturing (CM) (тип производственной системы, при котором станки и оборудование сгруппированы в обособленные ячейки)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ячеечное производство
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7 ГПС
1) Engineering: FMS, FMS line, analyzed flexible system, cell-type system, flexible manufacturing system, multimachine system, государственная противопожарная служба2) Construction: (гравийно-песчаная смесь) GSM (gravel sand mixture), sandy gravel, гравийно-песчаная смесь3) Politics: Государственная пожарная служба4) Sakhalin energy glossary: глобальная система позиционирования5) Microelectronics: flex-fab system, flexible machining system6) Automation: FMS setup, FMS workcell, FMS-type production system, FMT cell, automated manufacturing production system, cellular arrangement, cellular installation, cellular manufacturing system, flexible automated manufacturing system, flexible automation system, flexible machining center, flexible manufacturing facility, routing-flexible system7) Sakhalin R: Гибкая производственная система9) oil&gas: State Fire Service of RF Ministry of Interior, gas compressor station, originating pump station, Государственная противопожарная служба МВД России, газоперекачивающая станция, GPS, ГПС МВД10) Oil processing plants: головная перекачивающая станция, MPS -
8 гибкий производственный модуль
1) Engineering: NC cell, automated cell, automated line, cell-type system, cellular unit, flexible machining station, flexible manufacturing system, flexible transfer line, flexible workstation, machine tool station, machining cell, machining station, machining work station, manufacturing cell, minisystem, pilot cell, single machine FMS, single-cell system, single-stage system, work cell, workcell2) Oil: flexible manufacturing model4) Mechanics: flexible production module5) Production: flexible manufacturing module6) Automation: FMS line, FMS workcell, automated factory subsystem, automated work cell, flexible machining cell, flexible manufacturing cell, flexible manufacturing facility, machining workstation, machining-cell system, mini-FMS, modular FMS cell, modular industrial machine, one-machine cell, one-machine flexible system, part-processing cell, processing cell, production cell, single-machine cell, single-machine flywheel, unmanned machine, versatile machine tool7) Robots: flexible cell, flexible manufacturing unit, flexible workcell8) Makarov: FMS line (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), NC cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), automated cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), automated factory subsystem (AFS) (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), automated line (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), cell-type system (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), cellular unit (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible machining station (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing facility (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing module (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing system (FMS) (ГПМ, ГП-модуль), flexible transfer line (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), flexible workstation (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), machine tool station (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), machining cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), machining work station (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), machining-cell system (ГПМ, ГП-модуль), manufacturing cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), minisystem (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), pilot cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), single-cell system (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), single-stage system (ГПМ, ГП-модуль), versatile machine tool (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), work cell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ), workcell (ГП-модуль, ГПМ)9) Facilities: flexible operating moduleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > гибкий производственный модуль
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9 гибкая производственная система
1) Engineering: FMS, FMS line, analyzed flexible system, cell-type system, flexible computerized manufacturing system, flexible manufacturing system2) Economy: flexible operating system3) Electronics: flexible machining system4) Mechanics: FMS setup, fms-type production system, routing-flexible system5) Microelectronics: flex-fab system6) EBRD: flexible manufacturing system (FMS; ГПС), flexible manufacturing system (FMS) (ГПС)7) Programming: agile manufacturing system (ГПС)8) Automation: FMS workcell, FMT cell, automated manufacturing production system, cellular arrangement, cellular manufacturing system, flexible automated manufacturing system, flexible automation system, flexible machining center, flexible manufacturing facility9) Makarov: flexible manufacturing system (FMS)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гибкая производственная система
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10 гибкое производство
1) Engineering: flexible fabrication (автоматизированное)2) Advertising: flexible manufacturing3) Automation: adaptable production, agile manufacturing, (автоматизированное) cell manufacture, (автоматизированное) cell manufacturing, (автоматизированное) cellular manufacture, (автоматизированное) cellular manufacturing, flexible production, (автоматизированное) variable-mission manufacturingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > гибкое производство
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11 ГПМ
1) General subject: Minority Rights Group, генератор постоянного магнита2) Engineering: NC cell, automated cell, automated line, cell-type system, cellular unit, flexible machining station, flexible manufacturing system, flexible transfer line, flexible workstation, machine tool station, machining cell, machining station, machining work station, manufacturing cell, minisystem, pilot cell, single machine FMS, single-cell system, single-stage system, work cell (сокр. от "гибкий производственный модуль"), workcell, ГП-модуль3) Abbreviation: грузоподъемные механизмы, грузоподъемный механизм4) Automation: FMS line, FMS machine, FMS workcell, automated factory subsystem, automated work cell, cell, flexible machining cell, flexible manufacturing cell, flexible manufacturing facility, flexible manufacturing module, flexible manufacturing system (см. тж. FMS), machining workstation, machining-cell system, mini-FMS, modular FMS cell, modular industrial machine, one-machine cell, one-machine flexible system, part-processing cell, processing cell, production cell, single-machine cell, single-machine flywheel, unmanned machine, versatile machine tool5) Robots: flexible cell, flexible manufacturing unit, flexible production module, flexible workcell -
12 ГП-модуль
1) Engineering: automated factory subsystem, flexible machining cell, flexible manufacturing system2) Mechanic engineering: cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ)3) Mechanics: one-machine flexible system, single-cell system, single-stage system4) Automation: versatile machine tool5) Robots: cell, flexible cell, flexible manufacturing unit, flexible production module, flexible workcell, work cell6) Makarov: FMS line (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), NC cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), automated cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), automated factory subsystem (AFS) (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), automated line (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), cell-type system (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), (гибкий производственный модуль cellular unit, flexible cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible machining station (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing facility (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing module (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible manufacturing system (FMS) (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible transfer line (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), flexible workstation (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), machine tool station (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), machining cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), machining work station (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), (гибкий производственный модуль machining-cell system, manufacturing cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), (гибкий производственный модуль minisystem, partially manned machining cell, pilot cell (гибкий производственный модуль), single-cell system (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), single-stage system (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), versatile machine tool (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), work cell (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ), (гибкий производственный модуль, ГПМ workcell -
13 моноблок
1) General subject: monocoque2) Computers: all-in-one PC3) Engineering: feed gear (респиратора), monobloc, monoblock, monoblock unit, uniblock4) Automobile industry: monoblock (блок цилиндров, выполненный как одно целое), one unit, single housing5) Telecommunications: single block6) Astronautics: solid body7) Mechanic engineering: single pulley8) Arms production: breech reinforce (двуствольного ружья)9) Telephony: candy bar phone (форма корпуса мобильного телефона, в отличие от раскладушек, слайдеров и т.д.), bar10) Makarov: monobloc unit11) Cellular communications: unibody12) Hi-Fi. monoblock (одноканальный усилитель мощности) -
14 подвижные части
1) Military: (автоматики, механизма) moving parts, (автоматики, механизма) working parts2) Arms production: moving parts (механизма), recoiling parts (автоматики)3) Cellular communications: moving parts -
15 условия эксплуатации
1) General subject: installed conditions (напр. IEC 60534-2-1 Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow under installed conditions - Пропускная способность. Уравнения измерения потока для текучих сред в условиях эксплуатации)2) Computers: operation condition, working condition3) Aviation: in-service environment4) Military: condition of service5) Engineering: application environment, environment, external environment, operating conditions, operation conditions, operational conditions, operational environment, running conditions, service conditions, service environment, usage conditions, working conditions, environmental specifications6) Construction: application conditions7) Economy: operative conditions8) Automobile industry: actual operating conditions, average operating conditions, conditions of usage, operational circumstances9) Mining: service conditions (машины, механизма, сооружения)10) Forestry: treatment11) Telecommunications: conditions of service12) Oil: environmental conditions, field conditions, in-use conditions, operating conditions (оборудования), operating environment, set of operating conditions, use environment13) Metrology: normal conditions14) Mechanics: run-time environment15) Advertising: work environment, working environment16) Oilfield: production conditions (скважины)17) Quality control: application characteristics, operating condition, operative condition, use conditions18) General subject: use (колонка в таблице)19) Makarov: duty, environment (оборудования), exposure (для красок, лаков и т.п.)20) Electrical engineering: maintenance conditions21) Cellular communications: conditions of useУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > условия эксплуатации
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16 permitir
v.1 to allow, to permit.permitir a alguien hacer algo to allow somebody to do something¿me permite? may I?¡no te permito que me hables así! I won't have you talking to me like that!si el tiempo lo permite weather permittingLe permití su celular I allowed him his cellular phoneEllos permiten el relajo They permit moral decline.Ella permite autos viejos She permits old cars.2 to allow, to enable (hacer posible).el cable permite enviar información a mayor velocidad cable allows o enables information to be sent fasterEl sistema permite la escritura The system enables scripture.3 to allow to, to enable to.María le permite a Ricardo firmar Mary allows Richard to sign.Ellos permiten pintar They allow to paint.* * *1 to allow, let1 to allow oneself, afford\¿me permite? may I?si el tiempo lo permite weather permitting* * *verbto allow, permit* * *1. VT1) (=autorizar)a) [+ entrada, movimiento] to allow, permit más frm- no puedo abrir la puerta -permítame — "I can't open the door" - "allow me"
si se me permite la expresión o la palabra — if you'll pardon the expression
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permitir que, no le permitas que te hable así — don't allow her to talk to you like thatpermítame que la ayude, señora — please allow me to help you, madam
b) [en preguntas]¿me permite? — [al entrar] may I (come in)?; [al pasar al lado de algn] excuse me, please; [al ayudar a algn] may I (help you)?
¿me permite su pasaporte, por favor? — may I see your passport please?
¿me permite que le diga una cosa? — may I say something to you?
2) (=hacer posible) to allow, permit más frmlas nuevas tecnologías permitirán una mayor producción anual — the new technologies will allow o más frm permit a higher annual production
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permitir (a algn) hacer algo — to allow (sb) to do sthla televisión nos permite llegar a más público — television lets us reach o allows us to reach a wider audience
todos los datos permiten hablar de una epidemia — all the data points to o indicates an epidemic
un marco legal que permita que una persona decida libremente — a legal framework to allow people to choose freely
el buen tiempo permitió que se celebrase el concierto al aire libre — the good weather allowed us to hold the concert outdoors
2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( autorizar) to allow, permit (frml)no se permite la entrada a personas ajenas a la empresa — staff only, no entry to unauthorized persons
¿me permite? — (frml) may I?
¿me permite la palabra? — may I say something?
los indicios permiten hablar de una conspiración — the signs point to o indicate a conspiracy
b) (tolerar, consentir)permítame que le diga que... — with all due respect o if you don't mind me saying so...
c) ( hacer posible) to make... possible2.permitirse v pron (refl)me permito dirigirme a Vd para... — (Corresp) I am writing to you to...
* * *= allow, allow for, enable, give + licence, let, make + provision for, permit, provide, provide for, qualify for, allow + room for, empower, make + possible, leave + room for, provide + a basis for, grant.Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.Ex. It also allows for and identifies three levels of detail which might be adopted in descriptive cataloguing.Ex. Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.Ex. If the user does not know what the answer is, he stops the command chain at that point, lets the system show an intermediate display for guidance, and then continues his work.Ex. In search interfaces, provision is often made for the specification of search terms which must be entered.Ex. The note area is the part of the description where it is permitted to include any additional information which the cataloguer feels may be of value to the user.Ex. To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.Ex. Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.Ex. FIAC has drawn up a list of criteria to determine whether an advice centre qualifies for membership of the Federation.Ex. Education in many developing countries is still dominated by an emphasis on memorization and rote learning, a central syllabus allowing little room for initiative, and an overemphasis on examinations and certificates.Ex. This empowers them to control their lives and participate actively in the development of a just and peaceful society.Ex. Field searching: the ability to search for the occurrence of terms in specific fields within the record makes it possible to be more precise in searching.Ex. Pavements is included in the American sense; as Sidewalks does not rate a mention at all, this could leave room for ambiguity.Ex. This framework is designed to provide a basis both for identifying differences between firms and for thinking through the implications and likely outcomes of intervention both operationally and competitively.Ex. In the majority of cases, the indexer is granted considerable freedom of choice as to the citation order he adopts in the construction of compound class numbers.----* cuando el tiempo lo permita = when the weather permits.* no permitir = disallow.* no poder permitirse = ill afford.* no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.* permítanme que + Subjuntivo = let me try to + Infinitivo.* permitir apenas = leave + little room for.* permitir la posibilidad = afford + possibility, allow for.* permitir opinar sobre = give + Nombre + a say in.* permitir que + Nombre/Pronombre + Subjuntivo = have + Nombre + Verbo.* permitirse el lujo = have + luxury.* permitirse el lujo de = afford, splurge on.* que permite desarrollar menús de consulta = menu-making.* si el tiempo lo permite = weather permitting.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( autorizar) to allow, permit (frml)no se permite la entrada a personas ajenas a la empresa — staff only, no entry to unauthorized persons
¿me permite? — (frml) may I?
¿me permite la palabra? — may I say something?
los indicios permiten hablar de una conspiración — the signs point to o indicate a conspiracy
b) (tolerar, consentir)permítame que le diga que... — with all due respect o if you don't mind me saying so...
c) ( hacer posible) to make... possible2.permitirse v pron (refl)me permito dirigirme a Vd para... — (Corresp) I am writing to you to...
* * *= allow, allow for, enable, give + licence, let, make + provision for, permit, provide, provide for, qualify for, allow + room for, empower, make + possible, leave + room for, provide + a basis for, grant.Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
Ex: It also allows for and identifies three levels of detail which might be adopted in descriptive cataloguing.Ex: Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.Ex: If the user does not know what the answer is, he stops the command chain at that point, lets the system show an intermediate display for guidance, and then continues his work.Ex: In search interfaces, provision is often made for the specification of search terms which must be entered.Ex: The note area is the part of the description where it is permitted to include any additional information which the cataloguer feels may be of value to the user.Ex: To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.Ex: Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.Ex: FIAC has drawn up a list of criteria to determine whether an advice centre qualifies for membership of the Federation.Ex: Education in many developing countries is still dominated by an emphasis on memorization and rote learning, a central syllabus allowing little room for initiative, and an overemphasis on examinations and certificates.Ex: This empowers them to control their lives and participate actively in the development of a just and peaceful society.Ex: Field searching: the ability to search for the occurrence of terms in specific fields within the record makes it possible to be more precise in searching.Ex: Pavements is included in the American sense; as Sidewalks does not rate a mention at all, this could leave room for ambiguity.Ex: This framework is designed to provide a basis both for identifying differences between firms and for thinking through the implications and likely outcomes of intervention both operationally and competitively.Ex: In the majority of cases, the indexer is granted considerable freedom of choice as to the citation order he adopts in the construction of compound class numbers.* cuando el tiempo lo permita = when the weather permits.* no permitir = disallow.* no poder permitirse = ill afford.* no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.* permítanme que + Subjuntivo = let me try to + Infinitivo.* permitir apenas = leave + little room for.* permitir la posibilidad = afford + possibility, allow for.* permitir opinar sobre = give + Nombre + a say in.* permitir que + Nombre/Pronombre + Subjuntivo = have + Nombre + Verbo.* permitirse el lujo = have + luxury.* permitirse el lujo de = afford, splurge on.* que permite desarrollar menús de consulta = menu-making.* si el tiempo lo permite = weather permitting.* * *permitir [I1 ]vt1 (autorizar) to allow, permit ( frml)la ley no lo permite the law does not permit o allow itno van a permitir la entrada sin invitación they're not going to let people in without invitationsno le permitieron ver a su esposa he was not allowed to see his wifeno está permitido el uso de cámaras fotográficas en la sala the use of cameras is not permitted in the hall[ S ] no se permite la entrada a personas ajenas a la empresa staff only, no entry to unauthorized personssu título le permite ejercer la profesión her qualification allows her to practice the profession¿me permite la palabra? may I say something?los síntomas permiten hablar de una enfermedad infecciosa the symptoms point to o indicate an infectious diseasela autorización nos permitió tener acceso a los archivos the authorization gave us o allowed us to have access to the filessu salud no le permite hacer ese tipo de viaje her health does not allow o permit her to undertake such a journey2(tolerar, consentir): no te permito que me hables en ese tono I won't have you taking that tone with meno permitiremos ninguna injerencia en nuestros asuntos we will not allow anyone to interfere in our affairs¿me permite? — sí, por favor, siéntese ( frml); may I? — yes, please, do sit downpermítame que le diga que está equivocado with all due respect o if you don't mind me saying so, I think you're mistakensi se me permite la expresión if you'll pardon the expressionsi el tiempo lo permite weather permitting( refl):puede permitirse el lujo de no trabajar she can allow herself the luxury of not workingno puedo permitirme tantos gastos I can't afford to spend so much moneyme permito dirigirme a Vd para … ( Corresp) I am writing to you to …me permito solicitar a Vd que … ( Corresp) I am writing to request that …se permite muchas confianzas con el jefe he's very familiar with the boss¿cómo se permite hablarle así a una señora? how dare you speak to a lady like that?* * *
permitir ( conjugate permitir) verbo transitivo
no van a permitirles la entrada they're not going to let them in;
¿me permite? (frml) may I?b) (tolerar, consentir):◊ no te permito que me hables así I won't have you speak o I won't tolerate you speaking to me like that;
si se me permite la expresión if you'll pardon the expression
si el tiempo lo permite weather permitting
permitirse verbo pronominal ( refl) to allow oneself;
( económicamente):◊ puedo/no puedo permitirme ese lujo I can/can't afford that luxury
permitir verbo transitivo
1 to allow, permit: no le permitas ir, don't let him go
no se permiten perros, no dogs allowed
2 (consentir, tolerar) ¿me permite hablar?, may I speak?
no permitiré que me insultes, I will not allow you to insult me
si me permite, if you don't mind
3 (hacer posible) to make possible
' permitir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- admitir
- calar
- consentir
- lujo
- dejar
- manera
English:
allow
- ban
- bar
- enable
- fail
- let
- permit
- admit
* * *♦ vt1. [autorizar] to allow, to permit;permitir a alguien hacer algo to allow sb to do sth;¿me permite? may I?;¿me permite su carnet de conducir, por favor? may I see your Br driving licence o US driver's license, please?;permíteme que te ayude let me help you, allow me to help you;si el tiempo lo permite weather permitting;no permitas que te tomen el pelo don't let them mess you about;¡no te permito que me hables así! I won't have you talking to me like that!;no se permite fumar [en letrero] no smoking;no se permite la entrada a menores de 18 años [en letrero] no entry for under 18s;sus padres no le permiten fumar en casa his parents don't allow him to o won't let him smoke at home2. [hacer posible] to allow, to enable;la nieve caída permitió abrir la estación de esquí the fallen snow allowed o enabled the ski resort to be opened;ese tractor permite roturar los campos más rápidamente with this tractor the fields can be ploughed more quickly;este modelo permite enviar y recibir faxes this model allows you to send and receive faxes;el cable permite enviar información a mayor velocidad cable allows o enables information to be sent faster* * *v/t permit, allow* * *permitir vt: to permit, to allow* * *permitir vbno me permiten fumar I'm not allowed to smoke / they don't let me smoke2. (posibilitar) to allow / to enableeste mando te permite subir y bajar las persianas this control allows you to raise and lower the blinds¿me permite? may I? -
17 Cap
Cia de Acero del Pacifico SA — (фирм., Чили) - см. приложение 22. колпачок (у пишущей ручки, автокарандаша)computer-aided production planning — автоматизированное планирование производства; автоматизированная технологическая подготовка производстваCentral Arizona Project — Водохозяйственный проект «Центральная Аризона», СШАкеп 1. (в молекуле РНК концевая структура, состоящая из метилированного гуанозина с тремя фосфатными группами) 2. ( на клеточной мембране кластер рецепторов) -
18 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
[br]b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, Englandd. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England[br]English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.[br]At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.Bibliography2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).Further ReadingM.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEEElectronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
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